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You may be new to Sutton or perhaps you've not been told the story, but still you've noticed. There sure are a lot of Griesses in this town.
As someone I used to know might have said, “You can’t swing a long-tailed cat in Sutton without hitting a Griess.” And you can’t even swing a short-tailed cat without hitting someone related to a Griess.
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| The definitive authority of the Germans from Russia in Sutton, a thorough study of the migration to Russia and to Sutton with family history and Sutton history by James R. Griess, Sutton High Class of '59. |
The
earliest settlers to the Sutton area generally came from Back East. There were
a handful of Swedish homesteaders to the west as early as 1870 the same time
that Luther French homesteaded the north 80 acres of downtown. French was more
typical of settlers in those first years, grew up in Ohio, moved to Indiana,
then to Wisconsin, and Iowa and finally here, movin’ west.
Young
farmers were being crowded out in the east. Older fellows from Iowa to
Pennsylvania were looking for better prospects and cheaper land in the West.
The
first settlers came as individuals, a family or sometimes an extended family.
The Grays were typical. Hosea Gray and his wife came to Sutton with son John
and his wife Emma, daughter Ada and her husband George Bemis and the Cunnings.
The four Brown brothers homesteaded in the northeast part of School Creek
Township before two of them came to town to practice law and publish the Sutton
Register. The Clark brothers became developers as well as the first physician
and an early merchant.
Settlers
from abroad soon came enticed by railroad advertisements and other publicity,
Germans and Swedes mostly but Irish, Danes, Czechs, Bohemians and others were
represented. Still, the individual or small family group was the norms.
The
huge exception to these situations was the Germans from Russia. They came in
bunches.
The
first Griess invasion came in 1873 when 55 families of about 400 people left
their villages of Worms and Rohrbach in the Black Sea region near Odessa, today
in Ukraine. They arrived in Lincoln expecting to find farm land but felt the
price was too high so they sat for a time. Some of their acquaintances had made
this trip a year earlier settling in the Dakotas. Thirty-three of those 55
families drifted off before news of land in Clay County caught the attention of
their leaders.
The
bunch which first settled here was led by Heinrich Griess, Johannes Grosshans
and Heinrich Hoffmann. These were not your poor, struggling immigrants. Griess
was a young man who had sold off about nine square miles of Russian farmland
for 100,000 rubles. The exchange rate was 52 cents per ruble – the man had
$52,000 in 1873 dollars when he arrived. What does that mean? The “Measuring
Worth” web site gives a wide range of answers depending…, but the low end
comparison is almost $1 million in today’s U.S. currency. The others were
similarly equipped.
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| Heinrich Griess, leader of the first group of Germans from Russia who migrated from the villages of Worms and Rorhbach arriving in Sutton in |
The
Germans from Russia bypassed the homestead option for land acquisition for the
most part purchasing railroad land – 16,200 acres at a cost of $112,480 – from
4 to 7 dollars an acre, much of that purchased by Grosshans, Griess and Company
on September 4, 1873 and receiving special mention on page 202 of http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2374&context=greatplainsquarterly
We
have good analysis of railroad land purchases for only two counties: Lancaster
and Clay in Nebraska – Yippee! Check out http://railroads.unl.edu/views/item/landsales_ne
for the
cutest interactive map you’ll see this week. Click on the “Years” at the top of
the map, 1870 thru 1880 and watch sections after sections being gobbled up.
Those were folks from around Cleveland who settled in Lynn Township and into
Harvard but purchases in the northeast part of Clay County were led by
Grosshans, Griess & Co.
More
bunches and not just a few individuals and families followed those first
settlers from Russia between 1874 and 1914, the start of World War I.
A
second category of immigrants from Russia were Germans from along the Volga
River beginning in late 1874 with eight families from the village of Balzar led
by Jacob Bender. The nearby village of Norka contributed many more.
So,
how did Germans come to be living in Russia, of all places?
I
can’t tell the whole story here. Jim Griess (Sutton High Class of ’59) took 335
large-format pages to tell his version of the story. Anyone connected to the
Germans from Russia, with an interest in the topic or just looking for a
fascinating book must have Jim’s “The Germans from Russia – Those Who Came to
Sutton.” See http://www.jimgriess.net/page1
or see us
at the Sutton Museum for a copy (as soon as we restock.)
But
briefly, in 1762 Catherine the Great was a German princess who found herself
czarina of the Russian Empire – another great story – especially the part where
she might have murdered her husband to get the role and the Russian people were
O.K. with that. Catherine noticed that a huge portion of southern Russia was
unoccupied, unproductive and paying absolutely no taxes. She understood that it
was good farmland and she knew where good, honest, hard-working farmers could
be found. Actually, it wasn’t in Germany.
There
was no Germany. Did you know that? No nation called Germany existed until
January 18,
1871 after Otto von Bismarck had put all the pieces together. There
were people who spoke the German language and were consider Germanic but they
came from places like Hesse, Baveria, Prussia, Swabia, etc. etc. Germans who
came directly to Sutton from Germany often identified their place of birth in
the census as one of these city-states. My favorite census enumerator’s “best
guess” is that several people in Sutton are listed as being from Dam State.
That should be Darnstadt, a city and region in today’s western Germany. There
was no Germany until 1871. The nation of Germany has been around as long as the
town of Sutton. But I digress.
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| This immigrant trunk belonged Heinrich Griess (or Gries as spelled on the trunk.) The trunk is marked "No. 1" implying multiple trunks - he had a large family and was "a man of substantial resources." The trunk is on display at the Sutton Museum. |
Catherine
invited Germans to come to Russia to live. She established a set of generous
conditions allowing the settlers to their own villages, language, churches,
etc. living in little pieces of home pretty much to themselves.
Conditions
in Central Europe were horrendous. These ancestors of Suttonites were in the
midst of on-going wars between the French and the various Germanic states, then
Napoleon stirred things up – ugly. Accepting Catherine’s invitation made sense.
Many packed up and moved.
The
first migrants settled in the Volga River Valley – hundreds of villages. Later
another wave settled near Odessa in hundreds more villages.
Advance
the clock about one hundred years and a couple of Czars to Alexander II who
began to back off of those generous conditions (long story, see Jim’s book.) In
1871 the Germans learned they were to become Russianized – no more German
language, churches, villages – now Russian. But, they had ten years to adapt or
leave.
Meanwhile,
back in American, railroads were laying track across empty plains where a
population would certainly be useful. Railroad agents swarmed to Europe with
aggressive Madison Avenue-like ad campaigns. Germans, Swedes, Irish, Bohemians
and others began a new migration. For the Germans in Russia this was timely,
fortuitous and, if they were religious, and they were, it was an answer to
prayers.
So
to Sutton they came, and to Lincoln, Scottsbluff, Kansas, the Dakotas, Colorado,
really all over. Sutton is unusual in that immigrants from both major regions,
the Black Sea and Volga area came here. The Sutton arrivals also all came from
villages of the Reformed Church. There were also villages of Lutherans,
Catholics and Mennonites, some of the latter settled around Henderson, assisted
by earlier arrivals in Sutton.
How
were the new immigrants accepted? About as you might expect. As a species we do
poorly in accepting the New, the Different or the Other.
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| The railroads launched an aggressive advertising campaign with posters like this one to attract settlers who would ride the trains and ship goods on those new railroads being constructed across the open prairie. |
We
can find newspaper references pointing out the industriousness of the
“Russians” as they were often called. But there are contrary references.
On
one occasion a local paper noted that a group of Russians had arrived by train
and spent the night on the depot platform before catching an early morning
train west, likely to western Nebraska or Colorado. The comment concluded
something to the affect that Sutton already had its share and he was glad to
see their backsides heading west in the morning sun.”
Did
all the Germans in Russia immigrate to America? They did not. Many stayed and
were caught up in world history often with tragic consequences especially
during World War II when they were alternatively courted and vilified by the
Germans for being Russians and by the Russians for being German. Again, see
Jim’s book; it’s complicated but worth sorting out.
The
descendants from those Germans from Russia are a significant percentage of
Sutton’s population. Add people who are closely related to that group and there
aren’t many of us left out. Theirs may be a unique story in the strict sense of
the word – one of a kind. Many of the surnames of the Germans from Russia have
disappeared, either the folks left or the names “daughtered out” as the
genealogists say. Regarding the leaders of that first group in 1873, Grosshans
does not appear in the Sutton phone book. There is a representation for
Hofmann. But as for Griess, yes there are some in the phone book.
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