Sutton’s
Wolfe School Museum operated through the 1962-1963 school year, well past the
time that most of the county’s rural schools had consolidated into “town”
school.
The
spring of 1954 saw the closing of most of the country schools in northeast Clay
County as “redistricting” changed the lives of grade schoolers compared to
older siblings and neighbors. For decades, the coming-of-age moment for farm
kids was that jump, a big jump from the eighth grade in their neighborhood
one-room school house to their freshman year in town school.
Town
school classes were typically at least twice the size of the entire rural
school student body. Thirteen-year olds found that leap daunting enough. From a
small tight-knit group of about a dozen neighborhood friends, early teens were
suddenly thrown in with a couple of hundred strangers. That was the normal
pattern for decades. Redistricting was a one-time event that put seven and
nine-year-old kids, all kids in that five to twelve bracket through the
experience.
Later
generations accept rooms with twenty to thirty classmates from kindergarten on
as a routine part of school. The wholesale change that accompanied
redistricting probably had an impact on many farm kids. Just saying.
We
take the early rural school system in Clay County largely for granted. But it
was not an inevitable phenomenon. Universal public education was the
consequence of specific public policy very early in the history of the country.
I mean really early.
We
should credit Thomas Jefferson for setting the foundation for universal public
education. We might call him a zealot on the topic. Jefferson was a member of
the Virginia House of Delegates in late 1776 in the midst of war with Britain
when he set about changing Virginia’s legal code to correspond to the
principals alluded to in the Declaration of Independence earlier in the year.
His
“Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom” is the part of that work that is most
remembered but another topic was “A Bill for the More General Diffusion of
Knowledge.” He summarized his education plan in 1781 as follows:
“This
bill proposes to lay off every county into small districts of five or six miles
square, called hundreds, and in each of them to establish a school for teaching
reading, writing, and arithmetic. The tutor to be supported by the hundred, and
every person in it entitled to send their children three years gratis, and as
much longer as they please, paying for it. These schools to be under a visitor
[i.e., superintendent], who is annually to choose the boy of best genius in the
school, of those whose parents are too poor to give them further education, and
to send him forward to one of the grammar schools [high schools, in effect] of
which twenty are proposed to be erected in different parts of [Virginia], for
teaching Greek, Latin, geography, and the higher branches of numerical
arithmetic. Of the boys thus sent in any one year, trial is to be made at
grammar schools one or two years, and the best genius of the whole selected,
and continued six years, and the residue dismissed. By this means twenty of the
best geniuses will be raked from the rubbish annually, and be instructed, at
the public expense, so are as the grammar schools go.”
Jefferson’s
bill did not pass but he was able to implement bits and pieces of that
philosophy and was recognized for his groundwork as modern public education in
this country took shape in the 1830’s.
I
hesitated to include that quote but could not resist, for several reasons.
First, it illustrates that Jefferson was thinking past the moment, the
Revolutionary War, to consider how to construct the new country if the war was
successful. Second, Jefferson planted the seed that society had a
responsibility for basic education even of children of the poor. Latin? Sutton
High taught Latin into the ‘ 60’s.
There
are a few other things that reflect how certain words were used and defined 225
years ago. “Genius”, “residue”, “raked” are a few.
It
is important to remember that Jefferson and the Founders did not make up the
philosophical foundations of public policy out of thin air. These were the
educated “elite” of the day with at least one common trait: they read. Various
positions of society’s relationships and public policy had already been thoroughly
discussed, debated and the talking points were published decades and generations
earlier, mainly by Europeans: Locke, Rousseau, Mill, Montaigne and several
Greek and Roman thinkers.
A
lot of useful discussion happens when smart folks ponder issues over more than
2,000 years. Those seeking public office are well advised to understand, or at
least be familiar with some of that discussion.
Jefferson’s
direct contributions to our universal public school system began very early
when he headed on a committee in 1784 working out the land management scheme
for open western lands. (Open in the sense of unpopulated, disregarding
indigenous people, as they were.) That committee originated the concept of
parceling open land into ten mile squares further divided into “sections”.
Surveyors later tried five and seven-mile squares before settling on six. Our
townships were just surveyor units.
The
Land Ordinance Act of 1785 provided that five of the 36 sections in a township
were reserved for public purposes. Section 16 was designated to support schools
in the township. Sections 8, 11, 26 and 29 were held back to be sold by the
government when/if the market drove up the value. (Just found that last tidbit
on Wikipedia – need to check it out.)
Didja
notice? Jefferson managed to implement his plan for public support of education
two years before we had a constitution. The Oregon Territory Act of 1848 added
Section 36 for school support.
Another
curiosity. Sections were originally numbered starting in the southeast corner
of the township and heading north using the “snake” pattern we’re familiar
with. That may be even more weird that the current pattern.
So,
how was Mr. Jefferson’s desire for universal public education implemented in
Nebraska, and especially, in Clay County? Largely as he envisioned it. His
suggestion for one school per township did not survive, perhaps due to travel
demands. Districts of from seven to nine sections became typical with four or
five schools in each township.
Districts
were numbered sequentially starting with District #1, the Corey School just
north and east of Sutton. Mr. A. A. Corey was an early settler. Sutton Schools
was assigned Number 2. Schools numbered 3 and 4, Spring Ranch and Prairie Rose
were off in the southwest corner of the county in Spring Ranche Township.
Schools
were identified both by number and a name. The name often came from the farmer who
owned the land. Some other names were descriptive, even poetic. We had
Sunnyside, Lakeside, Blue River and Blue Valley, Prairie View and Plainview,
Liberty, Pleasant Prairie and Mulberry Grove. Our Wolfe School Museum shared
their category with Carlson, Wachter, Hartley, Peterson, Kitzinger, Kreutz,
Grubb and Grosshans. There were two Nuss schools, both in School Creek Township
about six miles apart, Districts 8 and 16.
Though
some early schools were placed in Section 16, in Clay County only 71 in
Leicester and the Spring Ranch schools did. None were in Section 36 of their
township.
Our
primary source for details about county schools is the annual Educational
Directory that was published by the County Superintendent. We have copies from
school years beginning in 1925, ’27, ’30, ’31, ’32, ’34, ’40, ’44, ’45, ’46,
’47, ’48, ’52, ’53, ’62, ’63 and 1986. Some came from Bertha Lobeda of
Fairfield, a few from Herbert Nuss of Sutton but most are from Clarence Johnson
who served on the District 16 school board for several years. We’ve tried to
find directories from surrounding counties but have struck out, completely. We’d
like to hear from anyone with copies of these directories – we’d appreciate any
donations but would be grateful to be able to copy that data.
The county superintendent published the educational directory annually. A lot of school and county history is packed into the fine print of each. |
A
common question we field at the museum is along the lines of “How many schools
were there in Clay County?” It’s a bit hard to answer.
The
question is usually aimed at the one-room country schools but let’s generalize.
County
schools were numbered inclusively from District #1, the Corey School near
Sutton to District #80, the Richview School just north of Ong. Except there is
no District #48 listed even on our earliest directory. There may have been one
that closed before 1925. Numbering then skips from 80 to District #101, the
Trumbull town school. So, there were 80 schools, plus maybe #25. There must be
a story about why numbering skipped the 80’s and 90’s. Anyone know?
Town
schools were numbered districts and should be subtracted from our list of 80
schools. Sutton is District #2; Harvard, 11; Clay Center, 70; Fairfield, 18;
Edgar, 12; Ong, 64, Trumbull, 101 and Glenvil was District #49.
The
village schools shouldn’t count as one-room country schools. They were larger
and for a time, some went through the 10th grade. Those would be
Inland, District 72; Eldorado, 67; Saronville, 73; Verona, 43; Deweese, 75 and Spring
Ranch was District 3.
So
we’ve deleted 14 schools from our list leaving 66 one-room country schools in
Clay County. True? Not true.
Harvard
District #11 not only operated the Harvard town school but also operated five one-room
country schools circling the town, each about two or three miles distant. They
appeared under the Harvard system as N.W., N.E., S.W., S.C. and S.E. indicating
the direction from town. So, we want to say that there were 71 one-room country
schools in the county. At least until the early 1940’s when the Hastings U.S.
Naval Ammunition Depot wiped out six of the county’s schools: districts 51, 61,
31, 56, 57 and 15 causing Plainview, Grubb, West Lynn, Glenwood, Weber and Lone
Tree to disappear. Now we’re back to 65 schools, post-NAD.
Our
Sutton neighborhood had nine of these schools in School Creek and Sutton
Townships. Districts 5, 66 and 8 were in a straight line, west to east in the
north of School Creek. They were called Becker, Grosshans and Nuss. District
#16, the other Nuss school, and my K-5 school was two miles west and one and a
half north of Sutton. District #1, the Corey School was just north of Sutton,
but I repeat myself.
District
9, Carlson School was in Sutton Township a mile east of the Saronville south
road; 20, called Sunnyside was on the road between sections 28 and 29 about six
miles southwest of Sutton. District 13 was the Wachter School four miles south
and just to the east and the Lange School, District 79 was just east of the Sutton
road on Highway 41.
Just
two miles to the east is the Fillmore County line and although we don’t have
any of those Educational Directories, “The Fillmore County Story” edited by Wilbur
G. Gaffney does have a map showing districts 8, 29, 31, 66, 64, 62, 89, 74, 63
and 61 were schools in Grafton and Bennett townships just east of Sutton.
The
story of these country schools was a big part of Clay County’s past which has
largely faded into the fog of history except when someone digs around in
obscure sources for an article like this. Or, until someone visits the Wolfe
School Museum on North Way Avenue in the extreme southeast corner of Sutton
Park where the visitor may trigger a distant memory of their own country school,
or more likely, try to make sense of something a grandparent once told them.
Showing
our country school to kids is a satisfying part of working with the Sutton
Museum. We are especially proud to be a part of the Sutton Schools 4th
grade Apple Valley study block when we can provide a hands-on, eyes-on visual
aid of what those schools really looked like.
This article first appeared in the December, 2016 issue of Sutton Life Magazine - www.mustangmediainc.com
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